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Japanese · Learning

Learn Japanese

Kana, grammar, vocabulary and conversation, with reference charts and exercises for everyday practice.

KanaGrammarVocabularyKanjiDialoguesCulturePractice
How to use this guide
Memorize hiragana first, then katakana. Do not skip kana.
Say every phrase aloud. Reading silently is not enough.
Learn particles and sentence patterns before vocabulary lists.
Start with polite (ます/です) forms for everyday introductions and requests.
Practice with the dialogues until each one feels automatic.
Add 2–3 new kanji daily. Review previous ones every session.
Minimum daily session: 30 minutes
10 min
Kana review
10 min
Phrases & patterns
10 min
Grammar & verbs
Foundation

The Japanese Writing System

Japanese uses three scripts simultaneously. Understanding when each is used is essential before memorizing characters.

ひらがな
Hiragana

Native Japanese words, grammar endings, particles, and furigana (readings above kanji).

たべる, きれい, は, を
カタカナ
Katakana

Foreign loanwords, foreign names, emphasis, onomatopoeia, and technical/scientific terms.

コーヒー, アメリカ, パソコン
漢字
Kanji

Chinese-origin characters representing meaning. Each has multiple readings. ~2,136 in daily use.

人, 日本, 食べる, 学校
A typical Japanese sentence mixes all three: 私はコーヒーを飲みます。 (I drink coffee.) — 漢字 (私, 飲), ひらがな (は, を, みます), カタカナ (コーヒー).
Sound

Pronunciation Essentials

Japanese has only 5 vowel sounds and very consistent pronunciation. Master these points early to build a natural accent.

The 5 Vowels

Japanese vowels are pure and short. They never shift or glide like English vowels.

あ
a
"ah" as in father
い
i
"ee" as in see
う
u
lips relaxed, not rounded
え
e
"eh" as in red
お
o
"oh" as in go

Consonants

Most consonants are similar to English. Key differences:

r-row (ら行)
Tap the tongue lightly behind the top teeth. Closer to a light "d" or Spanish "r" than an English "r." Never curl the tongue back.
ふ (fu)
Not a true English "f" with teeth on the lip. Blow air gently through both lips, like blowing out a candle softly.
Long vowels
Hold the vowel sound for exactly twice the normal length. おばさん (aunt) vs おばあさん (grandmother) — length changes meaning.
っ (small tsu)
A brief pause — hold the following consonant for one extra beat. Like the double "t" in "bookkeeper."
きって (kitte) = stamp
ん (n)
Changes depending on what follows: "m" before b/p/m, "ng" before k/g, "n" elsewhere. Always one full beat.
さんぽ (sampo) = walk
Pitch accent
Japanese uses pitch (high/low) rather than stress. The pattern varies by word and dialect. Listen and imitate native speakers.
はし: chopsticks (HL) vs bridge (LH)
Kana · Part 1

Hiragana (ひらがな)

The first script to memorize. Used for native words, grammar, and particles. Master all 46 base characters before moving to katakana.

Basic Hiragana — 46 Characters

5 vowels × 10 consonant rows + ん. Learn row by row.

a
i
u
e
o
a
あ
a
い
i
う
u
え
e
お
o
k
か
ka
き
ki
く
ku
け
ke
こ
ko
s
さ
sa
し
shi
す
su
せ
se
そ
so
t
た
ta
ち
chi
つ
tsu
て
te
と
to
n
な
na
に
ni
ぬ
nu
ね
ne
の
no
h
は
ha
ひ
hi
ふ
fu
へ
he
ほ
ho
m
ま
ma
み
mi
む
mu
め
me
も
mo
y
や
ya
·
ゆ
yu
·
よ
yo
r
ら
ra
り
ri
る
ru
れ
re
ろ
ro
w
わ
wa
·
·
·
を
wo
ん
ん
n
·
·
·
·

Dakuten (゛) and Handakuten (゜)

Adding two dots (゛) or a circle (゜) changes the consonant sound. 25 additional sounds.

RowCharacters + Romaji
gがgaぎgiぐguげgeごgo
zざzaじjiずzuぜzeぞzo
dだdaぢdi*づdu*でdeどdo
bばbaびbiぶbuべbeぼbo
pぱpaぴpiぷpuぺpeぽpo
* ぢ (di) and づ (du) are rarely used. In most cases じ (ji) and ず (zu) are used instead.

Yoon (拗音) — Combination Sounds

A consonant kana + small や/ゆ/よ creates a blended one-mora sound. 33 combinations.

Base〜ya〜yu〜yoRomaji
kきゃきゅきょkya / kyu / kyo
sしゃしゅしょsha / shu / sho
tちゃちゅちょcha / chu / cho
nにゃにゅにょnya / nyu / nyo
hひゃひゅひょhya / hyu / hyo
mみゃみゅみょmya / myu / myo
rりゃりゅりょrya / ryu / ryo
gぎゃぎゅぎょgya / gyu / gyo
jじゃじゅじょja / ju / jo
bびゃびゅびょbya / byu / byo
pぴゃぴゅぴょpya / pyu / pyo
Small っ (Sokuon)
Doubles the following consonant. Hold a brief pause before the next sound.
きって (kitte) = stamp, がっこう (gakkou) = school
Long Vowels
Extend the vowel for two beats. Length changes meaning.
おばさん (aunt) vs おばあさん (grandmother)
Confusing Pairs
Practice these pairs until instant recognition:
き/さ, ぬ/め, は/ほ, わ/ね, る/ろ
Kana · Part 2

Katakana (カタカナ)

Used for loanwords, foreign names, emphasis, and onomatopoeia. Same sounds as hiragana, different shapes.

Basic Katakana — 46 Characters

Same 5×10+1 structure as hiragana. More angular strokes.

a
i
u
e
o
a
ア
a
イ
i
ウ
u
エ
e
オ
o
k
カ
ka
キ
ki
ク
ku
ケ
ke
コ
ko
s
サ
sa
シ
shi
ス
su
セ
se
ソ
so
t
タ
ta
チ
chi
ツ
tsu
テ
te
ト
to
n
ナ
na
ニ
ni
ヌ
nu
ネ
ne
ノ
no
h
ハ
ha
ヒ
hi
フ
fu
ヘ
he
ホ
ho
m
マ
ma
ミ
mi
ム
mu
メ
me
モ
mo
y
ヤ
ya
·
ユ
yu
·
ヨ
yo
r
ラ
ra
リ
ri
ル
ru
レ
re
ロ
ro
w
ワ
wa
·
·
·
ヲ
wo
ン
ン
n
·
·
·
·

Katakana Dakuten & Yoon

Same rules as hiragana: add ゛ or ゜ for voiced/semi-voiced, use small ャ/ュ/ョ for combinations.

gガgaギgiグguゲgeゴgo
zザzaジjiズzuゼzeゾzo
dダdaヂdi*ヅdu*デdeドdo
bバbaビbiブbuベbeボbo
pパpaピpiプpuペpeポpo
Long Vowels (ー)
Katakana uses a dash ー to extend vowels.
コーヒー (koohii) = coffee, ケーキ (keeki) = cake
Confusing Pairs
Train these katakana pairs daily:
シ/ツ, ソ/ン, ア/マ, ク/タ, ヌ/ス
Special Combinations
Modern katakana adds sounds not in traditional Japanese:
ティ (ti), ファ (fa), ヴァ (va), ウィ (wi)
Speaking

Core Phrases

These are the expressions you will use most often. Say each one aloud until it feels natural.

Essential Phrases

おはようございます
ohayou gozaimasu
Good morning
Casual: おはよう
こんにちは
konnichiwa
Hello / Good afternoon
Used roughly 10 AM – 6 PM
こんばんは
konbanwa
Good evening
Used after sunset
おやすみなさい
oyasumi nasai
Good night
Casual: おやすみ
ありがとうございます
arigatou gozaimasu
Thank you
Casual: ありがとう
すみません
sumimasen
Excuse me / Sorry
Used to get attention or apologize lightly
ごめんなさい
gomen nasai
I am sorry
Stronger apology than すみません
お願いします
onegai shimasu
Please
Used when asking someone to do something
はい
hai
Yes
Also means "I understand" / "Go ahead"
いいえ
iie
No
Often softened with indirect expressions
わかりました
wakarimashita
I understood
Past tense = confirms understanding
わかりません
wakarimasen
I do not understand
Present negative = ongoing state
もう一度お願いします
mou ichido onegai shimasu
One more time, please
ゆっくりお願いします
yukkuri onegai shimasu
Slowly, please
英語を話せますか
eigo o hanasemasu ka
Can you speak English?
大丈夫です
daijoubu desu
It is okay / I am fine
Extremely versatile expression
いただきます
itadakimasu
Thank you for the meal (before eating)
Said before every meal
ごちそうさまでした
gochisousama deshita
Thank you for the meal (after eating)
Said after every meal

Self-Introduction Template

Replace the blanks with your own information. Practice until you can deliver it smoothly in 15 seconds.

1
はじめまして
hajimemashite
Nice to meet you (first time)
2
わたしは ___ です
watashi wa ___ desu
I am ___
3
___から来ました
___ kara kimashita
I came from ___
4
___で働いています
___ de hataraiteimasu
I work at ___
5
日本語を勉強しています
nihongo o benkyou shiteimasu
I am studying Japanese
6
どうぞよろしくお願いします
douzo yoroshiku onegai shimasu
Please treat me kindly
Numbers

Numbers & Counting

The number system is highly regular, but counters (classifiers) are required when counting specific objects.

Numbers 0–10

0
ゼロ / れい
zero / rei
1
いち
ichi
2
に
ni
3
さん
san
4
よん / し
yon / shi
5
ご
go
6
ろく
roku
7
なな / しち
nana / shichi
8
はち
hachi
9
きゅう / く
kyuu / ku
10
じゅう
juu

Larger Numbers

Note: some numbers have irregular sound changes (highlighted).

20にじゅうni-juu
100ひゃくhyaku
300さんびゃくsan-byaku
600ろっぴゃくroppyaku
800はっぴゃくhappyaku
1,000せんsen
3,000さんぜんsan-zen
8,000はっせんhassen
10,000いちまんichi-man
100,000じゅうまんjuu-man

Common Counters

Japanese requires a counter word after the number. The counter depends on the type of object.

〜つGeneral objects
ひとつ (1), ふたつ (2), みっつ (3), よっつ (4), いつつ (5)
〜人 (にん)People
ひとり (1), ふたり (2), さんにん (3)
〜個 (こ)Small objects
いっこ, にこ, さんこ
〜枚 (まい)Flat objects (paper, tickets)
いちまい, にまい, さんまい
〜本 (ほん)Long objects (pens, bottles)
いっぽん, にほん, さんぼん
〜杯 (はい)Cups / glasses / bowls
いっぱい, にはい, さんばい
〜冊 (さつ)Books
いっさつ, にさつ, さんさつ
〜台 (だい)Machines / vehicles
いちだい, にだい, さんだい
〜匹 (ひき)Small animals
いっぴき, にひき, さんびき
〜階 (かい)Floor / story
いっかい, にかい, さんがい
Time

Time & Calendar

Essential for daily life: telling time, scheduling, and understanding dates.

Hours (〜時)

いちじ (1:00)
にじ (2:00)
さんじ (3:00)
よじ (4:00)
ごじ (5:00)
ろくじ (6:00)
しちじ (7:00)
はちじ (8:00)
くじ (9:00)
じゅうじ (10:00)
じゅういちじ (11:00)
じゅうにじ (12:00)
Note: 4 o'clock = よじ (not よんじ), 7 o'clock = しちじ, 9 o'clock = くじ. Minutes use 〜分 (ふん/ぷん).

Days of the Week

月曜日げつようびMonday
火曜日かようびTuesday
水曜日すいようびWednesday
木曜日もくようびThursday
金曜日きんようびFriday
土曜日どようびSaturday
日曜日にちようびSunday

Months (〜月)

一月
いちがつ
January
二月
にがつ
February
三月
さんがつ
March
四月
しがつ
April
五月
ごがつ
May
六月
ろくがつ
June
七月
しちがつ
July
八月
はちがつ
August
九月
くがつ
September
十月
じゅうがつ
October
十一月
じゅういちがつ
November
十二月
じゅうにがつ
December

Relative Time

きのう
yesterday
きょう
today
あした
tomorrow
せんしゅう
last week
こんしゅう
this week
らいしゅう
next week
せんげつ
last month
こんげつ
this month
らいげつ
next month
きょねん
last year
ことし
this year
らいねん
next year
まいにち
every day
まいしゅう
every week
まいつき
every month
Grammar

Particles (助詞)

Particles are the connectors that give a sentence its meaning. They mark the role of each word. This is the single most important grammar topic.

Part.RoleExampleMeaningNotes
はTopic markerわたしは学生です。As for me, I am a student.Marks what the sentence is about. Pronounced "wa."
がSubject marker猫がいます。There is a cat.Marks the grammatical subject, especially new information or emphasis.
をObject marker水を飲みます。I drink water.Marks the direct object of an action. Pronounced "o."
にTime / Target / Location七時に起きます。I wake up at 7.Time point, destination, location of existence, indirect object.
でPlace of action / Means学校で勉強します。I study at school.Also: method (バスで = by bus), reason, scope.
へDirection (toward)日本へ行きます。I go toward Japan.Pronounced "e." Emphasizes direction, に emphasizes arrival.
のPossession / Linking日本語の本A Japanese-language bookConnects nouns. Also used for nominalization.
もAlso / Tooわたしも行きます。I will go too.Replaces は, が, or を.
とAnd / With友だちと話します。I speak with a friend.Exhaustive list (A and B). Also: quotation marker.
かQuestion行きますか。Will you go?Turns a statement into a yes/no question.
からFrom / Because九時から始めます。We start from 9.Spatial/temporal starting point. Also: reason (casual).
までUntil / Up to五時まで働きます。I work until 5.Often paired with から...まで (from...to).
よEmphasis (new info)おいしいですよ。It is delicious, you know.Adds assertion. Sentence-ending particle.
ねConfirmation / Agreementいい天気ですね。Nice weather, isn't it?Seeks agreement. Sentence-ending particle.
Grammar

Sentence Patterns

Learn these templates and you can build hundreds of sentences by swapping in different nouns and verbs.

Basic Sentence Order

Topic (は)
Time
Place (で)
Object (を)
Verb
Example: わたしは きょう 学校で 日本語を 勉強します。(I study Japanese at school today.)
N5A は B ですA is B
わたしは学生です。I am a student.
N5A は B じゃありませんA is not B
わたしは先生じゃありません。I am not a teacher.
N5A は B でしたA was B
きのうは日曜日でした。Yesterday was Sunday.
N5これ / それ / あれ は X ですThis / That / That (far) is X
これは本です。This is a book.
N5X があります / いますThere is X (objects / living)
猫がいます。机があります。There is a cat. There is a desk.
N5X を V ますI do X
日本語を勉強します。I study Japanese.
N5X に/へ 行きますI go to X
学校に行きます。I go to school.
N5V たいですI want to do V
食べたいです。I want to eat.
N5X をくださいPlease give me X
水をください。Water, please.
N4V てもいいですかMay I do V?
入ってもいいですか。May I come in?
N4V てはいけませんYou must not do V
ここで写真を撮ってはいけません。You must not take photos here.
N4V ないでくださいPlease do not do V
触らないでください。Please do not touch.
N4V たことがありますI have done V (experience)
日本に行ったことがあります。I have been to Japan.
N4V ながらWhile doing V
音楽を聞きながら勉強します。I study while listening to music.
N4V た方がいいIt is better to do V
早く寝た方がいいです。You should go to bed early.
N3V ように なるTo come to be able to V
日本語が話せるようになりました。I became able to speak Japanese.
Grammar

Verb System

Japanese verbs do not change for person or number. They conjugate for tense, politeness, and mood.

Group 1 (u-verbs / godan)
Dictionary form ends in an u-sound consonant + u (く, す, つ, ぬ, ぶ, む, る, う, ぐ). The stem vowel changes for conjugation.
書く, 話す, 待つ, 飲む, 泳ぐ, 買う
Group 2 (ru-verbs / ichidan)
Dictionary form ends in -いる or -える. Drop る and add the ending directly.
食べる, 見る, 起きる, 教える
Group 3 (irregular)
Only two verbs: する (to do) and 来る (くる, to come). Both have unique conjugation patterns that must be memorized.
する, 来る (くる)
VerbGr.PoliteNegativePastTePlain Neg.PotentialVolitionalEnglish
食べるGr.2食べます食べません食べました食べて食べない食べられる食べようto eat
飲むGr.1飲みます飲みません飲みました飲んで飲まない飲める飲もうto drink
書くGr.1書きます書きません書きました書いて書かない書ける書こうto write
話すGr.1話します話しません話しました話して話さない話せる話そうto speak
行くGr.1*行きます行きません行きました行って行かない行ける行こうto go
見るGr.2見ます見ません見ました見て見ない見られる見ようto see
するGr.3しますしませんしましたしてしないできるしようto do
来るGr.3来ます来ません来ました来て来ない来られる来ようto come
買うGr.1買います買いません買いました買って買わない買える買おうto buy
待つGr.1待ちます待ちません待ちました待って待たない待てる待とうto wait
Grammar

Adjectives

Two types: い-adjectives and な-adjectives. They conjugate differently.

TypeWordEnglishPresent (+)Present (−)Past (+)Past (−)
い-adj大きいbig大きいです大きくないです大きかったです大きくなかったです
い-adj小さいsmall小さいです小さくないです小さかったです小さくなかったです
い-adj高いtall / expensive高いです高くないです高かったです高くなかったです
い-adj安いcheap安いです安くないです安かったです安くなかったです
い-adjおいしいdeliciousおいしいですおいしくないですおいしかったですおいしくなかったです
な-adj静か(な)quiet静かです静かじゃないです静かでした静かじゃなかったです
な-adj元気(な)energetic / well元気です元気じゃないです元気でした元気じゃなかったです
な-adj好き(な)liked / favorite好きです好きじゃないです好きでした好きじゃなかったです
な-adjきれい(な)pretty / cleanきれいですきれいじゃないですきれいでしたきれいじゃなかったです
Watch out for fake い-adjectives

きれい (pretty) and 有名 (famous) look like い-adjectives but are actually な-adjectives. Negative = きれいじゃない (not きれくない).

Grammar

Question Words

Add か to the end of a statement to make it a question. Use these words to ask specific questions.

WordMeaningExample
何(なに/なん)whatこれは何ですか。
どこwhereトイレはどこですか。
だれwhoだれが来ますか。
いつwhenいつ行きますか。
なぜ / どうしてwhyどうして遅れましたか。
どう / いかがhow日本語はどうですか。
いくらhow much (price)これはいくらですか。
いくつhow many / how oldりんごはいくつですか。
どれwhich one (of 3+)どれがいいですか。
どの + nounwhich (adjective)どの本ですか。
どちらwhich one (of 2) / where (polite)どちらがいいですか。
Vocabulary

Essential Vocabulary by Category

Organized by topic for practical use. Focus on the categories most relevant to your situation.

Family

家族
かぞく
family
父 / お父さん
ちち / おとうさん
father (own / someone's)
母 / お母さん
はは / おかあさん
mother (own / someone's)
兄 / お兄さん
あに / おにいさん
older brother
姉 / お姉さん
あね / おねえさん
older sister
弟
おとうと
younger brother
妹
いもうと
younger sister
Kanji

First 20 Kanji

Start with these high-frequency characters. Each kanji has at least two readings: on'yomi (Chinese-derived) and kun'yomi (native Japanese).

Kanji
On'yomi
Kun'yomi
Meaning
Strokes
一
イチ
ひと(つ)
one
1
二
ニ
ふた(つ)
two
2
三
サン
み(つ)
three
3
人
ジン・ニン
ひと
person
2
大
ダイ・タイ
おお(きい)
big
3
小
ショウ
ちい(さい)
small
3
日
ニチ・ジツ
ひ
day / sun
4
月
ゲツ・ガツ
つき
month / moon
4
水
スイ
みず
water
4
火
カ
ひ
fire
4
木
モク・ボク
き
tree
4
金
キン・コン
かね
gold / money
8
土
ド・ト
つち
earth
3
山
サン
やま
mountain
3
川
セン
かわ
river
3
学
ガク
まな(ぶ)
to learn
8
生
セイ・ショウ
い(きる)
life / birth
5
食
ショク
た(べる)
to eat
9
語
ゴ
かた(る)
language
14
本
ホン
もと
book / origin
5
Conversation

Practice Dialogues

Memorize these and use them as templates. Replace nouns, places, and names with your own content.

Meeting someone for the first time

Self-introduction

A
はじめまして。わたしは Alex です。
Nice to meet you. I am Alex.
A
アメリカから来ました。
I came from America.
A
日本語を勉強しています。
I am studying Japanese.
B
はじめまして。田中です。
Nice to meet you. I am Tanaka.
B
どうぞよろしくお願いします。
Pleased to meet you.
A
こちらこそ、よろしくお願いします。
Likewise, pleased to meet you.
Practical

Survival Japanese

High-priority lines for real situations when you need to communicate quickly.

Emergency
助けてください!
tasukete kudasai!
Please help me!
Emergency
警察を呼んでください
keisatsu o yonde kudasai
Please call the police
Emergency
救急車をお願いします
kyuukyuusha o onegai shimasu
An ambulance, please
Communication
日本語がわかりません
nihongo ga wakarimasen
I do not understand Japanese
Communication
ゆっくり話してください
yukkuri hanashite kudasai
Please speak slowly
Communication
書いてください
kaite kudasai
Please write it down
Navigation
トイレはどこですか
toire wa doko desu ka
Where is the bathroom?
Navigation
Wi-Fiはありますか
waifai wa arimasu ka
Is there Wi-Fi?
Navigation
ここはどこですか
koko wa doko desu ka
Where is this place?
Shopping
これはいくらですか
kore wa ikura desu ka
How much is this?
Shopping
カードで払えますか
kaado de haraemasu ka
Can I pay by card?
Dining
ベジタリアンです
bejitarian desu
I am vegetarian
Dining
アレルギーがあります
arerugii ga arimasu
I have allergies
Dining
おすすめは何ですか
osusume wa nan desu ka
What do you recommend?
Transport
___行きの切符をください
___ iki no kippu o kudasai
A ticket to ___, please
Transport
次の電車は何時ですか
tsugi no densha wa nanji desu ka
What time is the next train?
Culture

Cultural Notes

Language and culture are inseparable. Understanding these points will prevent social mistakes.

Bowing (お辞儀)

A light bow of about 15 degrees accompanies greetings, thanks, and apologies. Deeper bows (30–45 degrees) show greater respect or sincerity. In most casual situations, a slight nod is sufficient.

Shoes off (靴を脱ぐ)

Remove shoes when entering homes, many restaurants, temples, and traditional accommodations. Look for a step up (上がり框) or a shoe rack as indicators.

Politeness levels (敬語)

Japanese has three main speech levels: casual (タメ口), polite (丁寧語, ます/です), and honorific/humble (尊敬語/謙譲語). Start with polite forms. Using casual speech with strangers or superiors is a significant social error.

いただきます / ごちそうさま

Always say いただきます before eating and ごちそうさまでした after. These are not religious prayers but expressions of gratitude for the food and those who prepared it.

Business cards (名刺)

In business settings, present and receive cards with both hands. Read the card carefully before putting it down. Never write on someone's card in front of them.

Quiet on public transport

Keep phone calls and loud conversations to a minimum on trains and buses. Set your phone to silent mode (マナーモード).

Warnings

Common Mistakes

Avoid these errors that almost every beginner makes.

Using は and が interchangeably
は marks topic (known info), が marks subject (new info or emphasis). わたしは学生です (I am a student) vs だれが学生ですか (who is the student?).
Saying わたしは... for every sentence
Japanese drops the subject when context is clear. After establishing "I" once, simply say 食べます instead of わたしは食べます.
Translating word-for-word from English
Japanese word order is SOV (Subject–Object–Verb). "I eat sushi" = すしを食べます, not 食べます すしを.
Confusing いる and ある
いる = living things (people, animals). ある = non-living things (objects, plants, places).
Using casual speech with strangers
Always default to polite (ます/です) forms until invited to be casual. Using タメ口 too early is perceived as disrespectful.
Pronouncing し as "see"
し is between English "she" and "see." Listen carefully to native pronunciation.
Ignoring long vs short vowels
おばさん (aunt) vs おばあさん (grandmother) — vowel length changes meaning entirely.
Using きれい as an い-adjective
きれい looks like it ends in い but it is a な-adjective. Negative: きれいじゃない (not きれくない).
Training

Daily Practice Drills

Passive reading produces recognition but not recall. Use these drills to convert knowledge into active ability.

Read each hiragana row aloud twice, then cover the romaji and test yourself.
Write each kana five times on paper while saying the sound aloud.
Practice confusing pairs side by side: あ/お, き/さ, ぬ/め, は/ほ, わ/れ.
For katakana, drill: シ/ツ, ソ/ン, ア/マ until instant recognition.
Set a timer: identify 20 random kana in under 60 seconds. Repeat daily.
Plan

Study Roadmap

A realistic timeline from absolute beginner to intermediate. Adjust based on your available daily study time.

Weeks 1–2Kana Foundation

Memorize all 46 hiragana + dakuten/yoon. Begin katakana. Learn 10 core phrases. Practice greeting people.

Weeks 3–4First Sentences

Complete katakana. Learn particles は, を, に, で. Build simple sentences with です/ます. Numbers 1–100. Self-introduction.

Month 2Conversation Basics

All core patterns. Verb conjugation (polite forms). Adjectives. Question words. 20 kanji. Practice dialogues daily.

Month 3Expanding Ability

て-form and all its uses. Past tense. Counters. Time expressions. 50 kanji. Start reading simple texts.

Months 4–6Intermediate Bridge

Casual speech forms. Potential verbs. たい/ほしい. Conditional. 100+ kanji. JLPT N5 level. Listen to native content daily.

Months 7–12Functional Fluency

Complex sentences. Giving/receiving. Passive. Keigo basics. 300+ kanji. JLPT N4 level. Read manga/news with dictionary.

Japanese Learning Guide
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