Learn Japanese
Kana, grammar, vocabulary and conversation, with reference charts and exercises for everyday practice.
How to use this guide
The Japanese Writing System
Japanese uses three scripts simultaneously. Understanding when each is used is essential before memorizing characters.
Native Japanese words, grammar endings, particles, and furigana (readings above kanji).
Foreign loanwords, foreign names, emphasis, onomatopoeia, and technical/scientific terms.
Chinese-origin characters representing meaning. Each has multiple readings. ~2,136 in daily use.
Pronunciation Essentials
Japanese has only 5 vowel sounds and very consistent pronunciation. Master these points early to build a natural accent.
The 5 Vowels
Japanese vowels are pure and short. They never shift or glide like English vowels.
Consonants
Most consonants are similar to English. Key differences:
Hiragana (ひらがな)
The first script to memorize. Used for native words, grammar, and particles. Master all 46 base characters before moving to katakana.
Basic Hiragana — 46 Characters
5 vowels × 10 consonant rows + ん. Learn row by row.
Dakuten (゛) and Handakuten (゜)
Adding two dots (゛) or a circle (゜) changes the consonant sound. 25 additional sounds.
| Row | Characters + Romaji | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| g | がga | ぎgi | ぐgu | げge | ごgo |
| z | ざza | じji | ずzu | ぜze | ぞzo |
| d | だda | ぢdi* | づdu* | でde | どdo |
| b | ばba | びbi | ぶbu | べbe | ぼbo |
| p | ぱpa | ぴpi | ぷpu | ぺpe | ぽpo |
Yoon (拗音) — Combination Sounds
A consonant kana + small や/ゆ/よ creates a blended one-mora sound. 33 combinations.
| Base | 〜ya | 〜yu | 〜yo | Romaji |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| k | きゃ | きゅ | きょ | kya / kyu / kyo |
| s | しゃ | しゅ | しょ | sha / shu / sho |
| t | ちゃ | ちゅ | ちょ | cha / chu / cho |
| n | にゃ | にゅ | にょ | nya / nyu / nyo |
| h | ひゃ | ひゅ | ひょ | hya / hyu / hyo |
| m | みゃ | みゅ | みょ | mya / myu / myo |
| r | りゃ | りゅ | りょ | rya / ryu / ryo |
| g | ぎゃ | ぎゅ | ぎょ | gya / gyu / gyo |
| j | じゃ | じゅ | じょ | ja / ju / jo |
| b | びゃ | びゅ | びょ | bya / byu / byo |
| p | ぴゃ | ぴゅ | ぴょ | pya / pyu / pyo |
Katakana (カタカナ)
Used for loanwords, foreign names, emphasis, and onomatopoeia. Same sounds as hiragana, different shapes.
Basic Katakana — 46 Characters
Same 5×10+1 structure as hiragana. More angular strokes.
Katakana Dakuten & Yoon
Same rules as hiragana: add ゛ or ゜ for voiced/semi-voiced, use small ャ/ュ/ョ for combinations.
| g | ガga | ギgi | グgu | ゲge | ゴgo |
| z | ザza | ジji | ズzu | ゼze | ゾzo |
| d | ダda | ヂdi* | ヅdu* | デde | ドdo |
| b | バba | ビbi | ブbu | ベbe | ボbo |
| p | パpa | ピpi | プpu | ペpe | ポpo |
Core Phrases
These are the expressions you will use most often. Say each one aloud until it feels natural.
Essential Phrases
Self-Introduction Template
Replace the blanks with your own information. Practice until you can deliver it smoothly in 15 seconds.
Numbers & Counting
The number system is highly regular, but counters (classifiers) are required when counting specific objects.
Numbers 0–10
Larger Numbers
Note: some numbers have irregular sound changes (highlighted).
Common Counters
Japanese requires a counter word after the number. The counter depends on the type of object.
Time & Calendar
Essential for daily life: telling time, scheduling, and understanding dates.
Hours (〜時)
Days of the Week
Months (〜月)
Relative Time
Particles (助詞)
Particles are the connectors that give a sentence its meaning. They mark the role of each word. This is the single most important grammar topic.
| Part. | Role | Example | Meaning | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| は | Topic marker | わたしは学生です。 | As for me, I am a student. | Marks what the sentence is about. Pronounced "wa." |
| が | Subject marker | 猫がいます。 | There is a cat. | Marks the grammatical subject, especially new information or emphasis. |
| を | Object marker | 水を飲みます。 | I drink water. | Marks the direct object of an action. Pronounced "o." |
| に | Time / Target / Location | 七時に起きます。 | I wake up at 7. | Time point, destination, location of existence, indirect object. |
| で | Place of action / Means | 学校で勉強します。 | I study at school. | Also: method (バスで = by bus), reason, scope. |
| へ | Direction (toward) | 日本へ行きます。 | I go toward Japan. | Pronounced "e." Emphasizes direction, に emphasizes arrival. |
| の | Possession / Linking | 日本語の本 | A Japanese-language book | Connects nouns. Also used for nominalization. |
| も | Also / Too | わたしも行きます。 | I will go too. | Replaces は, が, or を. |
| と | And / With | 友だちと話します。 | I speak with a friend. | Exhaustive list (A and B). Also: quotation marker. |
| か | Question | 行きますか。 | Will you go? | Turns a statement into a yes/no question. |
| から | From / Because | 九時から始めます。 | We start from 9. | Spatial/temporal starting point. Also: reason (casual). |
| まで | Until / Up to | 五時まで働きます。 | I work until 5. | Often paired with から...まで (from...to). |
| よ | Emphasis (new info) | おいしいですよ。 | It is delicious, you know. | Adds assertion. Sentence-ending particle. |
| ね | Confirmation / Agreement | いい天気ですね。 | Nice weather, isn't it? | Seeks agreement. Sentence-ending particle. |
Sentence Patterns
Learn these templates and you can build hundreds of sentences by swapping in different nouns and verbs.
Basic Sentence Order
Verb System
Japanese verbs do not change for person or number. They conjugate for tense, politeness, and mood.
| Verb | Gr. | Polite | Negative | Past | Te | Plain Neg. | Potential | Volitional | English |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 食べる | Gr.2 | 食べます | 食べません | 食べました | 食べて | 食べない | 食べられる | 食べよう | to eat |
| 飲む | Gr.1 | 飲みます | 飲みません | 飲みました | 飲んで | 飲まない | 飲める | 飲もう | to drink |
| 書く | Gr.1 | 書きます | 書きません | 書きました | 書いて | 書かない | 書ける | 書こう | to write |
| 話す | Gr.1 | 話します | 話しません | 話しました | 話して | 話さない | 話せる | 話そう | to speak |
| 行く | Gr.1* | 行きます | 行きません | 行きました | 行って | 行かない | 行ける | 行こう | to go |
| 見る | Gr.2 | 見ます | 見ません | 見ました | 見て | 見ない | 見られる | 見よう | to see |
| する | Gr.3 | します | しません | しました | して | しない | できる | しよう | to do |
| 来る | Gr.3 | 来ます | 来ません | 来ました | 来て | 来ない | 来られる | 来よう | to come |
| 買う | Gr.1 | 買います | 買いません | 買いました | 買って | 買わない | 買える | 買おう | to buy |
| 待つ | Gr.1 | 待ちます | 待ちません | 待ちました | 待って | 待たない | 待てる | 待とう | to wait |
Adjectives
Two types: い-adjectives and な-adjectives. They conjugate differently.
| Type | Word | English | Present (+) | Present (−) | Past (+) | Past (−) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| い-adj | 大きい | big | 大きいです | 大きくないです | 大きかったです | 大きくなかったです |
| い-adj | 小さい | small | 小さいです | 小さくないです | 小さかったです | 小さくなかったです |
| い-adj | 高い | tall / expensive | 高いです | 高くないです | 高かったです | 高くなかったです |
| い-adj | 安い | cheap | 安いです | 安くないです | 安かったです | 安くなかったです |
| い-adj | おいしい | delicious | おいしいです | おいしくないです | おいしかったです | おいしくなかったです |
| な-adj | 静か(な) | quiet | 静かです | 静かじゃないです | 静かでした | 静かじゃなかったです |
| な-adj | 元気(な) | energetic / well | 元気です | 元気じゃないです | 元気でした | 元気じゃなかったです |
| な-adj | 好き(な) | liked / favorite | 好きです | 好きじゃないです | 好きでした | 好きじゃなかったです |
| な-adj | きれい(な) | pretty / clean | きれいです | きれいじゃないです | きれいでした | きれいじゃなかったです |
きれい (pretty) and 有名 (famous) look like い-adjectives but are actually な-adjectives. Negative = きれいじゃない (not きれくない).
Question Words
Add か to the end of a statement to make it a question. Use these words to ask specific questions.
| Word | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|
| 何(なに/なん) | what | これは何ですか。 |
| どこ | where | トイレはどこですか。 |
| だれ | who | だれが来ますか。 |
| いつ | when | いつ行きますか。 |
| なぜ / どうして | why | どうして遅れましたか。 |
| どう / いかが | how | 日本語はどうですか。 |
| いくら | how much (price) | これはいくらですか。 |
| いくつ | how many / how old | りんごはいくつですか。 |
| どれ | which one (of 3+) | どれがいいですか。 |
| どの + noun | which (adjective) | どの本ですか。 |
| どちら | which one (of 2) / where (polite) | どちらがいいですか。 |
Essential Vocabulary by Category
Organized by topic for practical use. Focus on the categories most relevant to your situation.
Family
First 20 Kanji
Start with these high-frequency characters. Each kanji has at least two readings: on'yomi (Chinese-derived) and kun'yomi (native Japanese).
Practice Dialogues
Memorize these and use them as templates. Replace nouns, places, and names with your own content.
Self-introduction
Survival Japanese
High-priority lines for real situations when you need to communicate quickly.
Cultural Notes
Language and culture are inseparable. Understanding these points will prevent social mistakes.
Bowing (お辞儀)
A light bow of about 15 degrees accompanies greetings, thanks, and apologies. Deeper bows (30–45 degrees) show greater respect or sincerity. In most casual situations, a slight nod is sufficient.
Shoes off (靴を脱ぐ)
Remove shoes when entering homes, many restaurants, temples, and traditional accommodations. Look for a step up (上がり框) or a shoe rack as indicators.
Politeness levels (敬語)
Japanese has three main speech levels: casual (タメ口), polite (丁寧語, ます/です), and honorific/humble (尊敬語/謙譲語). Start with polite forms. Using casual speech with strangers or superiors is a significant social error.
いただきます / ごちそうさま
Always say いただきます before eating and ごちそうさまでした after. These are not religious prayers but expressions of gratitude for the food and those who prepared it.
Business cards (名刺)
In business settings, present and receive cards with both hands. Read the card carefully before putting it down. Never write on someone's card in front of them.
Quiet on public transport
Keep phone calls and loud conversations to a minimum on trains and buses. Set your phone to silent mode (マナーモード).
Common Mistakes
Avoid these errors that almost every beginner makes.
Daily Practice Drills
Passive reading produces recognition but not recall. Use these drills to convert knowledge into active ability.
Study Roadmap
A realistic timeline from absolute beginner to intermediate. Adjust based on your available daily study time.
Memorize all 46 hiragana + dakuten/yoon. Begin katakana. Learn 10 core phrases. Practice greeting people.
Complete katakana. Learn particles は, を, に, で. Build simple sentences with です/ます. Numbers 1–100. Self-introduction.
All core patterns. Verb conjugation (polite forms). Adjectives. Question words. 20 kanji. Practice dialogues daily.
て-form and all its uses. Past tense. Counters. Time expressions. 50 kanji. Start reading simple texts.
Casual speech forms. Potential verbs. たい/ほしい. Conditional. 100+ kanji. JLPT N5 level. Listen to native content daily.
Complex sentences. Giving/receiving. Passive. Keigo basics. 300+ kanji. JLPT N4 level. Read manga/news with dictionary.
Japanese Learning Guide
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